HOW DID THE WAR END?
TREATY OF PEACE/ VERSAILLES.
The war ended with an armistice which is basically a cease fire on November 11th, 1918 with negotiations to follow. The subsequent treaties of Versailles were worked out over the next year ,1919, placed the blame on Germany, and they signed under protest. This set up the conditions that would lead to WWII 20 years later. The entry of substantial American troops was a factor as was the continued British naval blockade of German ports which caused hardship for the German people.
PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE
The Paris Peace Conference was the meeting of the Allied victors following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers following the armistices of 1918. It took place in Paris during 1919 and involved diplomats from more than 32 countries and nationalities. They met, discussed various options and developed a series of treaties "Paris Peace Treaties" for the post-war world. These treaties reshaped the map of Europe with new borders and countries, and imposed war guilt and stiff financial penalties on Germany.
WHAT EACH COUNTRY SOUGHT at ppc
Britain- Maintenance of the British Empire's unity, holdings and interests were an overarching concern for the British delegates to the conference, but it entered the conference with the more specific goals of:
Ensuring the security of France
Removing the threat of the German High Seas Fleet
Settling territorial contentions
Supporting the Wilsonian League of Nations
French- The French Prime Minister George Clemenceau's chief goal was to weaken Germany militarily, strategically and economically. Having personally witnessed two German attacks on French soil in the last forty years, he was adamant that Germany should not be permitted to attack France again.
Japan- The delegation focused on two demands: the inclusion of their racial equality proposal in the League's Covenant and Japanese territorial claims with respect to former German colonies, namely Shantung (including Kiaochow) and the Pacific islands north of the Equator (the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, the Mariana Islands, and the Carolines).
U.S- Wilson wanted to establish his fourteen points, but it failed miserably.
Ensuring the security of France
Removing the threat of the German High Seas Fleet
Settling territorial contentions
Supporting the Wilsonian League of Nations
French- The French Prime Minister George Clemenceau's chief goal was to weaken Germany militarily, strategically and economically. Having personally witnessed two German attacks on French soil in the last forty years, he was adamant that Germany should not be permitted to attack France again.
Japan- The delegation focused on two demands: the inclusion of their racial equality proposal in the League's Covenant and Japanese territorial claims with respect to former German colonies, namely Shantung (including Kiaochow) and the Pacific islands north of the Equator (the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, the Mariana Islands, and the Carolines).
U.S- Wilson wanted to establish his fourteen points, but it failed miserably.
peace treaties
The Treaty of Versailles, 1919, 28 June 1919- Direct Results: Stripping military force from the central powers. De-militarized zone between Germany and France, A weak Peace-Keeping organization, "The League of Nations", and forcing Germany to re-pay all war debts (eventually causing a world-wide depression).
The Treaty of Saint-Germain, 10 September 1919- The treaty declared that the Austro-Hungarian Empire was to be dissolved. The Austrian side accepted responsibility for causing the war along with the Central Powers. The new Republic of Austria, consisting of most of the German-speaking Danubian and Alpine provinces in former Cisleithania, recognized the independence of Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The treaty included 'war reparations' of large sums of money, directed towards the Allies, to pay for the costs of the war over a period of 30 years.
The Treaty of Neuilly, 27 November 1919- The treaty required Bulgaria to:
Cede Western Thrace to the Entente thereby cutting off Bulgaria's direct outlet to the Aegean Sea.
To cede a further area of 2,563 km2 on its western border with the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
To return Southern Dobruja, which had been captured during the war, to Romania, thus restoring the border set by the Treaty of Bucharest
to reduce its army to 20,000 men
to pay reparations of £100 million
The Treaty of Trianon, 4 June 1920- Officially the treaty was intended to be a confirmation of the right of self-determination for nations and of the concept of nation-states replacing the old multinational Austro-Hungarian empire. Although the treaty addressed some nationality issues, it also sparked some new ones. The minority ethnic groups of the pre-war kingdom were the major beneficiaries. The Romanians joined their ethnic people in Romania, while the Slovaks, Serbs and Croats helped establish nation-states of their own. However, these new or enlarged countries also absorbed large slices of territory with a majority of ethnic Hungarians or Hungarian speaking population. As a result, as many as a third of Hungarian language-speakers found themselves outside the borders of the post-Trianon Hungary.
The Treaty of Sèvres, 10 August 1920-
The Kingdom of Hejaz was granted international recognition
Armenia was recognized as an established state by the signed parties.
The Allies were to control the Ottoman Empire's finances
The Ottoman Army was to be restricted to 50,700 men; the Ottoman navy could only preserve seven sloops and six torpedo boats; and the Ottoman state was prohibited from obtaining an air force.
France received Syria and neighbouring parts of Southeastern Anatolia, including Antep, Urfa and Mardin. Cilicia including Adana, Diyarbakır and large portions of East-Central Anatolia all the way up north to Sivas and Tokat were declared a zone of French influence.
The occupation of Smyrna established Greek administration on May 21, 1919. This was followed by the declaration of a protectorate on July 30, 1922. The Treaty transferred "the exercise of her rights of sovereignty to a local parliament" but leaving the region under Ottoman Empire.
Italy was confirmed in the possession of the Dodecanese Islands.
The Treaty of Saint-Germain, 10 September 1919- The treaty declared that the Austro-Hungarian Empire was to be dissolved. The Austrian side accepted responsibility for causing the war along with the Central Powers. The new Republic of Austria, consisting of most of the German-speaking Danubian and Alpine provinces in former Cisleithania, recognized the independence of Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The treaty included 'war reparations' of large sums of money, directed towards the Allies, to pay for the costs of the war over a period of 30 years.
The Treaty of Neuilly, 27 November 1919- The treaty required Bulgaria to:
Cede Western Thrace to the Entente thereby cutting off Bulgaria's direct outlet to the Aegean Sea.
To cede a further area of 2,563 km2 on its western border with the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
To return Southern Dobruja, which had been captured during the war, to Romania, thus restoring the border set by the Treaty of Bucharest
to reduce its army to 20,000 men
to pay reparations of £100 million
The Treaty of Trianon, 4 June 1920- Officially the treaty was intended to be a confirmation of the right of self-determination for nations and of the concept of nation-states replacing the old multinational Austro-Hungarian empire. Although the treaty addressed some nationality issues, it also sparked some new ones. The minority ethnic groups of the pre-war kingdom were the major beneficiaries. The Romanians joined their ethnic people in Romania, while the Slovaks, Serbs and Croats helped establish nation-states of their own. However, these new or enlarged countries also absorbed large slices of territory with a majority of ethnic Hungarians or Hungarian speaking population. As a result, as many as a third of Hungarian language-speakers found themselves outside the borders of the post-Trianon Hungary.
The Treaty of Sèvres, 10 August 1920-
The Kingdom of Hejaz was granted international recognition
Armenia was recognized as an established state by the signed parties.
The Allies were to control the Ottoman Empire's finances
The Ottoman Army was to be restricted to 50,700 men; the Ottoman navy could only preserve seven sloops and six torpedo boats; and the Ottoman state was prohibited from obtaining an air force.
France received Syria and neighbouring parts of Southeastern Anatolia, including Antep, Urfa and Mardin. Cilicia including Adana, Diyarbakır and large portions of East-Central Anatolia all the way up north to Sivas and Tokat were declared a zone of French influence.
The occupation of Smyrna established Greek administration on May 21, 1919. This was followed by the declaration of a protectorate on July 30, 1922. The Treaty transferred "the exercise of her rights of sovereignty to a local parliament" but leaving the region under Ottoman Empire.
Italy was confirmed in the possession of the Dodecanese Islands.
Countries created after war
Countries that dissapeared = Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire, Bosnia, Serbia, Austria-Hungary, German Empire, Montenegro.
Countries that changed= Great Britain, Romania, Germany, France, Austria, Hungary, Italy
Countries that were created = Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Cyprus, Iran, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Danzig, Albania, Ireland, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland.
Countries that changed= Great Britain, Romania, Germany, France, Austria, Hungary, Italy
Countries that were created = Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Cyprus, Iran, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Danzig, Albania, Ireland, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland.
how was the middle- east affected?
Britain and France would divide the area of the Ottoman Empire into more than a half dozen new countries: Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and many of the smaller nations. Many of these countries were created by people who had little experience in the area, who were looking to benefit the European powers and pay off the local leaders who helped them. For instance, the British had promised the rulership of Saudi Arabia to two leaders of the Hashemite clan, one of whom got what was promised, and the other was made the King of Jordan.